I'm getting this error as well. Parallels has been unusable to me for some time. I've been afflicted by a blue screen loop from 13 onward, so I uninstalled Parallels, wiped the registry entries for Parallels on my Windows machine, recreated my virtual machine, and nothing... With the update to High Sierra I couldn't even see the bootcamp partition in Parallels anymore, even though I could mount it and access files otherwise.
With the update to 13.1, I finally could see my Bootcamp partition again and it even came up with the installation assistant! Great! But then I'm getting the same error as everyone else now.
Error: PRL_ERR_INVALID_ARG (0x80000003)
Path: '/Users/me/Parallels/My Boot Camp.pvm/APPLE SSD SM0512G (disk0).hdd'
Look, this is getting ridiculous. I know others at my company are having similar issues and have been for some time now. We'd really like a fix that doesn't involve wiping all of our machines and praying that things work on reinstallation, because it's a massive pain and waste of time if it doesn't work.