(please read full text before doing anything, in particular the 32bit vs ARM64 info. sorry for the bad formatting, but better some info with bad readability, than none. thank you.)
In apps and features, "microsoft onedrive" was listed as 22.136.0626.001 09.07.2022 (july 9th). I uninstalled this (with the intenstion to reinstall).
I don't even know why it showed up there, I thought it was an integrated part of Windows 11.
Anyway, after uninstalling, I went to C:\Windows\SysWOW64 where there was OneDriveSetup.exe from JUNE.
I also did a search on C for onedrivesetup.exe, and found the JULY versions in the C:\Users\matthiasernst\AppData\Local\Microsoft\OneDrive\22.141.0703.0002
and C:\Users\matthiasernst\AppData\Local\Microsoft\OneDrive\ folders.
I installed the JUNE version (fron tme wow64 folder) which showed up as 21.050. ... in the programs list, but it seems that it then auto-updated shortly after to 22.141.0703.0002 - this number was shown by the RUNNING AND FUNCTIONING onedrive.exe (cloud icon visible).
I restarted the computer and the onedrive icon was missing again (before restarting, it was a gray cloud wanting me to sign in).
I went to settings and clicked configure/install (german: einrichten) Onedrive, from the defender settings. Now clikcing that blue text DID work and again it wanted me to sign in.
I signed in, then it complained that the onedrive folder already existed. I confirmed that i wanted to use that folder.
then i got a notifaction that i could change onedrive starting behaviour at settings apps start (autostart). (it is set to autostart).
onedrive.exe in taskmanager continues to be 22.141.0703.0002.
I still don't understand why I can even install this (because I thought it was integrated into the OS), but it seems to work again now.
https://www.microsoft.com/de-de/microsoft-365/onedrive/download
Be careful: It seems there are 32bit and ARM versions of onedrivesetup - always check before installing (right click). If you want to check if your installed onedrive.exe is ARM, got to taskmanager, details, and look for the architecture column.
MORE INFO: when you go to onedrive settings (from the tray icon), in the tab "info" there is a checkbox where you can agree to receive the onedrive ARM version as an insider preview because apparently onedrive for ARM is not yet a final. This might explain the problems.